Presence of Sealants in Children Between 6 to 12 Years Old Attending Public Schools, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay, 2015 in International Journal of Clinical Studies & Medical Case Reports

 Presence of Sealants in Children Between 6 to 12 Years Old Attending Public Schools, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay, 2015 in International Journal of Clinical Studies & Medical Case Reports

Abstract
A descriptive observational cross-sectional study was done to determine the presence of sealants in children between 6 to 12 years old attending public schools in Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay, 2015. After obtaining the informed consent of the parents of the children, the oral inspection was carried out. The study variable was the presence of sealant in posterior teeth. Only 2.91% of the 514 students inspected had sealants. Of the children who had sealants 26.7% had 8 years old, 60% correspond to female and 80% to urban area. The use of sealants as a prevention method in children was low.

Keywords: Sealants; Dental; Children; Prevalence

Introduction
One of the oral diseases that can be prevented is caries, however, it continues to affect eighty percent of the child population in Latin America and the Caribbean [1]. Preventive treatment options for tooth decay include tooth brushing with a fluoride toothpaste, use of fluoride supplements and application of dental sealants and topical fluorides at dental clinics. Some evidence suggests that applying resin‐based sealants to the biting surfaces of permanent back teeth in children may reduce tooth decay in the permanent teeth of children by 3.7% over a two‐year period, and by 29% over a nine‐year period, when compared with fluoride varnish applications [2].

Dental sealants are applied to form a physical barrier that prevents growth of bacteria and accumulation of food particles in the grooves of back teeth [3]. Sealants can have a 68,52% of efficacy if it is done properly [4]. Children who have sealants are much less likely to develop tooth decay than children who do not have sealants [5]. In Paraguay, the program “Save the first Molar” that was promoted from 2010 to 2015 had in their operative activities, the application of sealants in children in the rural schools but there are not studies about the results of it. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of sealants in children between 6 and 12 years of age attending public schools in the city of Coronel Oviedo in 2015.
Methodology

A descriptive observational cross-sectional study was carried out in male and female children between 6 and 12 years of age attending public schools in the city of Coronel Oviedo in 2015. Children from 10 institutions of the 1st to the 6th year were included whose parents or guardians signed an informed consent authorizing their participation in the investigation. We excluded the children who do not want to participate in the study.

For the determination of the sample size, the following parameters were considered: an expected prevalence of 6%, a confidence level of 95% and a precision of 2%, these data being loaded in the epiinfo version 3.5.1 program, yielding a size sample of 514. The sample was stratified by geographic zones: urban and rural, considering schools as conglomerates. Subsequently, by proportional allocation, the sample was distributed in the 10 schools.

For recruitment, a visit was made to the schools chosen for the study, permission was requested from the director of the institution for the corresponding delivery of informed consents. After obtaining the informed consent of the parents or guardians of the children in these schools, the oral inspection was carried out to complete the clinical record and odontogram. These data were used only for the purposes of the investigation. The study variable was the presence or absence of pit and fissure sealant in posterior teeth, also age, sex, and the zone of origin.

The materials necessary for the oral inspection were sterilized for each inspection day, being properly disinfected among patients with 2% glutaraldehyde. The inspection began on the upper right side, series 14 to 17, then we moved to the upper left side, series 24 to 27, then we went to the lower left side, series 34 to 37, and finally to the lower right side, series 44 to 47. The data was loaded into an Excel 2014 electronic spreadsheet and analyzed using Stata 14. Descriptive analysis was done and the results are presented in tables and graphs. We respected the autonomy of the patient, and used an informed consent.
 

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Statistical Consulting and its Challenges in International Journal of Clinical Studies & Medical Case Reports

Statistical Consulting and its Challenges in International Journal of Clinical Studies & Medical Case Reports

Introduction
Statistical consulting, the provision of statistical advice and/or services to those who request it, applies statistical methodology to problems in other disciplines. Consultants assist with design and conduct of the study, including randomization of subjects, data collection, and data analysis. They help to report the results of the study and to ensure that conclusions reached are supported by the data. The consultation may range from a five-minute chat in a hallway, involving only advice about some aspect of the study, to a many years’ collaboration on a project. Although the terms consulting and collaboration are often used interchangeably, a collaboration implies more responsibility and involvement, both intellectual and time, by the statistician. In a collaborative relationship, a statistician is a full-fledged member of the team of investigators conducting the study, has more authority, receives credit for contributions made, and coauthors the research paper reporting the project. This is a relationship most conducive to statistical contribution. To connote a broad range of services, some statisticians now refer to the practice of statistics, meaning the communication of statistical information across disciplinary boundaries by persons who have training in statistics and related quantitative fields.

Biostatistical consulting is the application of statistical expertise in the biological or health sciences. Within the arenas of medicine, dentistry, and public health, biostatisticians work with physicians, basic scientists, dentists, nurses, pharmacists, epidemiologists, and other health professionals. A biostatistician may be a faculty member in a school of public health or a professor in a quantitative sciences department in a medical or dental school or at a medical research center [3]. In this capacity, they teach graduate courses in biostatistics while working collaboratively on research grants, jointly with medical colleagues. In addition, the biostatistician might perform analyses for reports, manuscripts, and presentations for medical clients. In many universities, consulting biostatisticians belong to a statistical consulting unit [5], often within a biostatistics department that offers statistical and computing services. Some universities and schools of public health have statistical or clinical trials centers in which biostatisticians have a primary role [1]. Some biostatisticians work in cancer centers or other disease-specific research centers that may be part of a larger network [8]. Such centers are usually in a university setting; others may be independent entities.



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