Presence of Sealants in Children Between 6 to 12 Years Old Attending Public Schools, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay, 2015 in International Journal of Clinical Studies & Medical Case Reports

 Presence of Sealants in Children Between 6 to 12 Years Old Attending Public Schools, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay, 2015 in International Journal of Clinical Studies & Medical Case Reports

Abstract
A descriptive observational cross-sectional study was done to determine the presence of sealants in children between 6 to 12 years old attending public schools in Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay, 2015. After obtaining the informed consent of the parents of the children, the oral inspection was carried out. The study variable was the presence of sealant in posterior teeth. Only 2.91% of the 514 students inspected had sealants. Of the children who had sealants 26.7% had 8 years old, 60% correspond to female and 80% to urban area. The use of sealants as a prevention method in children was low.

Keywords: Sealants; Dental; Children; Prevalence

Introduction
One of the oral diseases that can be prevented is caries, however, it continues to affect eighty percent of the child population in Latin America and the Caribbean [1]. Preventive treatment options for tooth decay include tooth brushing with a fluoride toothpaste, use of fluoride supplements and application of dental sealants and topical fluorides at dental clinics. Some evidence suggests that applying resin‐based sealants to the biting surfaces of permanent back teeth in children may reduce tooth decay in the permanent teeth of children by 3.7% over a two‐year period, and by 29% over a nine‐year period, when compared with fluoride varnish applications [2].

Dental sealants are applied to form a physical barrier that prevents growth of bacteria and accumulation of food particles in the grooves of back teeth [3]. Sealants can have a 68,52% of efficacy if it is done properly [4]. Children who have sealants are much less likely to develop tooth decay than children who do not have sealants [5]. In Paraguay, the program “Save the first Molar” that was promoted from 2010 to 2015 had in their operative activities, the application of sealants in children in the rural schools but there are not studies about the results of it. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of sealants in children between 6 and 12 years of age attending public schools in the city of Coronel Oviedo in 2015.
Methodology

A descriptive observational cross-sectional study was carried out in male and female children between 6 and 12 years of age attending public schools in the city of Coronel Oviedo in 2015. Children from 10 institutions of the 1st to the 6th year were included whose parents or guardians signed an informed consent authorizing their participation in the investigation. We excluded the children who do not want to participate in the study.

For the determination of the sample size, the following parameters were considered: an expected prevalence of 6%, a confidence level of 95% and a precision of 2%, these data being loaded in the epiinfo version 3.5.1 program, yielding a size sample of 514. The sample was stratified by geographic zones: urban and rural, considering schools as conglomerates. Subsequently, by proportional allocation, the sample was distributed in the 10 schools.

For recruitment, a visit was made to the schools chosen for the study, permission was requested from the director of the institution for the corresponding delivery of informed consents. After obtaining the informed consent of the parents or guardians of the children in these schools, the oral inspection was carried out to complete the clinical record and odontogram. These data were used only for the purposes of the investigation. The study variable was the presence or absence of pit and fissure sealant in posterior teeth, also age, sex, and the zone of origin.

The materials necessary for the oral inspection were sterilized for each inspection day, being properly disinfected among patients with 2% glutaraldehyde. The inspection began on the upper right side, series 14 to 17, then we moved to the upper left side, series 24 to 27, then we went to the lower left side, series 34 to 37, and finally to the lower right side, series 44 to 47. The data was loaded into an Excel 2014 electronic spreadsheet and analyzed using Stata 14. Descriptive analysis was done and the results are presented in tables and graphs. We respected the autonomy of the patient, and used an informed consent.
 

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Statistical Consulting and its Challenges in International Journal of Clinical Studies & Medical Case Reports

Statistical Consulting and its Challenges in International Journal of Clinical Studies & Medical Case Reports

Introduction
Statistical consulting, the provision of statistical advice and/or services to those who request it, applies statistical methodology to problems in other disciplines. Consultants assist with design and conduct of the study, including randomization of subjects, data collection, and data analysis. They help to report the results of the study and to ensure that conclusions reached are supported by the data. The consultation may range from a five-minute chat in a hallway, involving only advice about some aspect of the study, to a many years’ collaboration on a project. Although the terms consulting and collaboration are often used interchangeably, a collaboration implies more responsibility and involvement, both intellectual and time, by the statistician. In a collaborative relationship, a statistician is a full-fledged member of the team of investigators conducting the study, has more authority, receives credit for contributions made, and coauthors the research paper reporting the project. This is a relationship most conducive to statistical contribution. To connote a broad range of services, some statisticians now refer to the practice of statistics, meaning the communication of statistical information across disciplinary boundaries by persons who have training in statistics and related quantitative fields.

Biostatistical consulting is the application of statistical expertise in the biological or health sciences. Within the arenas of medicine, dentistry, and public health, biostatisticians work with physicians, basic scientists, dentists, nurses, pharmacists, epidemiologists, and other health professionals. A biostatistician may be a faculty member in a school of public health or a professor in a quantitative sciences department in a medical or dental school or at a medical research center [3]. In this capacity, they teach graduate courses in biostatistics while working collaboratively on research grants, jointly with medical colleagues. In addition, the biostatistician might perform analyses for reports, manuscripts, and presentations for medical clients. In many universities, consulting biostatisticians belong to a statistical consulting unit [5], often within a biostatistics department that offers statistical and computing services. Some universities and schools of public health have statistical or clinical trials centers in which biostatisticians have a primary role [1]. Some biostatisticians work in cancer centers or other disease-specific research centers that may be part of a larger network [8]. Such centers are usually in a university setting; others may be independent entities.



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Healthcare Disparities and Socio-Economic Inequities Raise the Risk for COVID-19 in Children

Healthcare Disparities and Socio-Economic Inequities Raise the Risk for COVID-19 in Children

 

 

Short CommentaryAs COVID-19 has spread across continents, great attention via public health professionals and media outlets is paid to the fact that children often present with mild symptoms, and rarely become life threateningly sick with COVID-19, as compared to adults and people with age groups over 65 years. While the reasons for low rates of severe pediatric cases are not yet researched or understood, a small proportion of them progress to severe or critical stage. When considered in totality, these observations can create complacency in general public about COVID-19 risk and it's severity in children. In places and societies with larger populations even a small proportion of severe and critical pediatric cases can overwhelm entire health care machinery and strain the already strained health systems quickly.

When an epidemic becomes pandemic, it shows dark lines of health care disparities, socio-economic inequities with unequal distribution of risk factors and disease spread. Pandemic spread is determined by socio-economic inequities, health disparities, and geo-political scenarios. The social environment, health care access and economic structure of families in which children live is of prime importance and greatly influences exposure risks in a pandemic. Children living in poor households with marginalized circumstances with socially or economically disadvantaged parents and families will lead to greater spread of COVID-19, more complications, with poorer health care outcomes. Health and wellbeing of parents, guardians and children's families impact children's health. Initial phase of COVID-19 saw the impact of disease been substantially higher on older age groups. As COVID-19 emerges, patterns of it indicate that families and their children are experiencing effects of inequality on their health.

For already low income and socially disadvantaged families, it has become extremely difficult to maintain jobs and income as under-stay home orders in most states are in effect. Parents or guardians of children who have less education and income levels usually have limited employment options. They are more likely to hold jobs in labor market sectors that precludes them the ability to work from home and comply with stay at home or public health orders. Due to low education, high socio-economic disparities such parents or guardians works in jobs that include for example- construction workers, retail industry, agricultural field labor, and high types of informal work with  low wages. Such parents and families have very low job security, survive pay check to pay check due to low wages which prevents such workers from having any savings, health benefits, paid sick leave or paid vacation time. Such socio-economic factors delay low income families ability to even obtain timely medical care. Low income, less education, burden of children's and family needs, stress to survive increases food insecurity levels, limits clean or safer housing or residential options for such parents or guardians and families. Majority of such families therefore live in subsidized, low income housing. Across the US, majority of such families living in such subsidized housing are located in very densely populated urban areas where such hygienic and  living conditions trigger quick transmission of COVID-19, due to density and higher contact rate. Therefore, children living in urban, communal subsidized housing will have higher likely hood of getting the infection and spreading it due to vulnerability to the disease.

For More information regarding Article https://ijclinmedcasereports.com/ijcmcr-sc-id-00010/

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International Journal of Clinical Studies & Medical Case Reports

International Journal of Clinical Studies & Medical Case Reports

 

International Journal of Clinical Studies & Medical Case Reports as the name itself elaborates it’s an flourishing Peer Reviewed Open Access Journal which publishes novel research work in the form of Case Reports, Clinical Images, Case Studies, Short Communications, Commentaries, Technical Notes, Review Opinion, Brief Notes etc., covering a wide range of Scientific, Clinical and Medical Sciences. Case reports are defined as the scientific documentation of a single clinical observation and have a time-honored and rich tradition in medicine and scientific publication. Case reports are valuable resources of unusual information that may lead to new research and advances in clinical and medical practice. Case studies give an indication of the decision-making process, so that other physicians can apply lateral thinking to their own cases. These represent a relevant, timely, and important study design in advancing medical scientific knowledge especially of rare diseases. IJCMCR aims to encourage clinical and medical professionals, scientists, doctors, professor’s academicians for the publication of latest and emerging information in such a way to pave the platform for reporting of unique, unusual and rare cases which enhance understanding of disease process, its diagnosis, and management in field of medical sciences at an international level.

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